Duniyar makamashin da za a iya sabuntawa ta ƙunshi maɓuɓɓuka daban-daban, duk suna da manufa ɗaya: don samar da makamashi mai tsabta tare da iskar gas mai zafi, ta amfani da albarkatun ƙasa mara ƙarewa. A cikin wannan labarin, za mu bincika da ikon wutar lantarki, daya daga cikin ingantattun hanyoyin samar da makamashin da ake iya sabuntawa da ke wanzuwa.
Za mu yi bayani dalla-dalla menene makamashin lantarki, yadda yake aiki, menene mafi mahimmancin halayensa, menene fa'idodi da rashin amfani da yake bayarwa, da kuma nau'ikan tsire-tsire masu amfani da ruwa.
Menene makamashin lantarki
La ikon wutar lantarki shine makamashi da ake samu daga cin gajiyar motsin ruwa ta hanyar fadowa daga tsayi, wanda ke samar da wutar lantarki ta hanyar kunna injin turbine. Wannan tsari yana amfani da karfin makamashin ruwa a cikin tafki ko kogi, yana mai da shi da farko zuwa makamashin injina ta hanyar injin turbine, sannan ya zama makamashin lantarki ta hanyar janareta.
Don yin amfani da wannan makamashi, ana buƙatar manyan ababen more rayuwa, kamar dam, don adana ruwa sannan a sake shi ta hanyar penstocks zuwa injin turbin. Koyaya, akwai nau'ikan tsire-tsire waɗanda suka bambanta gwargwadon yadda ake amfani da su.
Ana samar da wutar lantarki ta hanyar makamashi mai amfani da wutar lantarki ba tare da fitar da iskar gas mai gurɓata ba, wanda ya sa ya zama zaɓi mai ban sha'awa don rage tasirin muhalli da matsawa zuwa tsarin makamashi mai dorewa. Bugu da ƙari kuma, babban fa'ida shine cewa wannan makamashi shine sabuntawa, tun da ruwa yana ci gaba da gudana.
Sassan tashar wutar lantarki
Sharadi na asali don injin samar da wutar lantarki ya yi aiki daidai shi ne cewa an tsara shi da kyau. Don haka, manyan sassan da suke samar da wutar lantarki sune:
- Dam: Yana da asali tsarin da tana adana ruwa kuma yana haifar da abin da ake buƙata don samun ƙarfin kuzari. Za a iya yin dam ɗin da siminti ko ƙasa, amma babban aikinsa shi ne ya ƙunshi ruwa.
- Hanyoyi: Waɗannan suna kulawa saki ruwa idan akwai wuce haddi, hana tafki daga wuce karfinsa. Yawanci suna saman saman dam din kuma manufarsu ita ce kare ababen more rayuwa.
- Shan ruwa: Tashoshi ruwa zuwa ga injin turbin. Ƙofa tana daidaita yawan ruwan da ke wucewa kuma ana kiyaye shi ta hanyar tacewa don hana shigar da sharar gida.
- Kamfanin wutar lantarki: Anan ga turbines da janareta wanda ke canza makamashin injinan ruwa zuwa wutar lantarki. Ita ce zuciyar shuka.
- Na'ura mai aiki da karfin ruwa turbines: Maida kuzarin motsin ruwa zuwa makamashin juyawa. Mafi yawan su ne Pelton, Francis da Kaplan, kowanne don matakan kwarara da tsayi daban-daban.
- janareta na lantarki: Haɗe zuwa injin turbin, janareta yana jujjuya su zuwa wutar lantarki.
- Transformer: Ƙara da lantarki tashin hankali an samar da shi don sauƙaƙe jigilar ta ta nisa mai nisa.
- Layukan watsawa: Kebul ɗin da ke ɗaukar wutar lantarki zuwa cibiyoyin rarrabawa.
Nau'in tsire-tsire masu amfani da wutar lantarki
Yadda aka kera injin mai amfani da wutar lantarki ya bambanta dangane da yanayin muhalli, kwararar ruwa da kuma bukatun makamashi. Ta wannan hanyar, zamu sami manyan nau'ikan tsirrai guda uku:
- Tsire-tsire masu wucewa: Irin wannan shuka ba shi da tafki don adana ruwan, amma yana amfani da shi kai tsaye daga kwararar kogi. Tsire-tsire masu gudu na kogin yawanci suna da ƙarancin tasirin muhalli kuma suna aiki akai-akai.
- Shuka wutar lantarki tare da tafki: A cikin waɗannan, ana adana ruwan a cikin wani babban ajiya sarrafawa ta hanyar dam kuma an sake shi bisa ga bukatun makamashi. Su ne mafi yawan gama gari kuma suna ba da damar ingantaccen sarrafa wutar lantarki.
- Tushen tsiro: Waɗannan tsire-tsire suna da amfani musamman don sarrafa rarar makamashi, tunda suna ba da izini famfo ruwa zuwa tafki na sama lokacin da bukatar makamashi ya yi ƙasa kuma a sake shi don samar da wutar lantarki lokacin da buƙata ta yi yawa.
Baya ga waɗannan manyan nau'ikan guda uku, akwai kuma yiwuwar aiwatarwa micro hydroelectric shuke-shuke, waxanda suke ƙananan sifofi na waɗannan abubuwan more rayuwa. An ƙera su ne don samar da makamashi ga ƙananan al'ummomi da ke keɓe ko yankunan karkara, inda haɗin kai da grid ɗin lantarki ya iyakance.
Amfanin wutar lantarki
Energyarfin lantarki yana ba da jerin fa'idodi waɗanda suka sanya shi ɗayan mafi kyawun hanyoyin samar da makamashi dangane da inganci da dorewa:
- Ana iya sabuntawa: Muddin zagayowar ruwa ya ci gaba da aiki, makamashin lantarki ba zai ƙarewa ba.
- Baya haifar da gurɓataccen hayaki: Yana daya daga cikin mafi tsaftar hanyoyin samar da makamashi, tun da ba ya samar da iskar gas ko gurbacewar iska yayin gudanar da aikinta.
- Babban aiki: Tsire-tsire na zamani suna sarrafa canza kusan kashi 90% na yuwuwar makamashin ruwa zuwa wutar lantarki, mafi inganci fiye da sauran nau'ikan makamashi.
- Yana daidaita kwararar koguna: Madatsun ruwa na taimakawa wajen shawo kan ambaliyar ruwa da daidaita kwararar ruwa, wanda zai iya yin amfani a lokutan ambaliya ko fari.
- Iya ƙarfin ajiya: Hakanan ana iya amfani da tafki don adana ruwa don wasu dalilai, kamar ban ruwa ko ruwan sha.
Rashin amfani da makamashin lantarki
Ko da yake yana da fa'idodi da yawa, dole ne kuma a yi la'akari da illolinsa, musamman game da sa tasirin muhalli:
- Canje-canje a cikin yanayin muhalli: Gina madatsun ruwa na iya katse yanayin yanayin koguna, wanda zai shafi nau'in da suka dogara da shi don haifuwa ko abinci.
- Babban farashin kayayyakin more rayuwa: Zuba hannun jari na farko a aikin gina madatsun ruwa da na'urorin samar da wutar lantarki ya yi yawa.
- Dogaro da yanayin yanayi: A lokacin fari ko rashin ruwan sama, ana iya shafar samar da wutar lantarki.
- Muhawarar jama'a: Gina manyan tafkunan ruwa na iya tilastawa al'ummomin yankin yin ƙaura.
Duk da wadannan kura-kurai, wutar lantarki ta kasance wani zabi mai inganci ga yankuna da dama na duniya, muddin aka rage tasirin hakan.
Rashin wutar lantarki a Spain
A Spain, makamashin lantarki yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin matrix makamashi. A halin yanzu, kasar tana da kusan 800 makamashin lantarki na ayyuka daban-daban, tun daga manyan madatsun ruwa zuwa masana'antar wutar lantarki. Kusan kashi 50% na wutar lantarki ta Spain ana samar da ita ta manyan shuke-shuke 20, yawancinsu suna da karfin da ya wuce 200MW.
Kananan kamfanonin samar da wutar lantarki, wadanda ke samar da kasa da megawatt 10, su ma suna ta habaka sakamakon ci gaban fasaha. Wadannan tsire-tsire suna ba da damar samar da makamashi a ciki wurare masu nisa ba tare da buƙatar manyan abubuwan more rayuwa ba. Bugu da kari, sabbin na'urorin da ake amfani da su na microturbines suna ba da damar har ma da kananan magudanan ruwa da kogunan tsaunuka don samar da wutar lantarki.
A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, Spain ta zaɓi sabunta kayan aikinta na samar da wutar lantarki, da haɓaka ingancinsu da rage tasirin muhallinsu. Ana haɓaka fasahohin da ke ba da damar samun sassaucin ra'ayi a cikin ayyukan tsirrai, wanda ke haɓaka ikon amsa canje-canjen buƙatun makamashi.
Tare da karuwar bukatar makamashi mai sabuntawa, makamashin lantarki zai ci gaba da taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin haɗin gwiwar makamashi na Spain.
Gabaɗaya, makamashin ruwa ya tabbatar da kasancewa ɗaya daga cikin amintattun hanyoyin samar da wutar lantarki masu yawa. Tare da ci gaba da ci gaban fasaha, mai yiwuwa rawar da take takawa za ta sami ƙarin dacewa a cikin shekaru masu zuwa, musamman a yankunan da albarkatun ruwa ke da yawa.