La ikon wutar lantarki Yana da mahimmanci a cikin panorama na duniya na sabbin kuzari. A halin yanzu, wannan nau'i na samar da makamashi ba wai kawai aka fi amfani da shi ba, har ma yana daya daga cikin mafi inganci. Tare da fiye da 1.000 GW na ƙarfin da aka shigar a duk duniya, wannan fasaha ita ce kashin baya da ke goyan bayan wasu hanyoyin da ba za a iya sabunta su ba, kamar hasken rana ko makamashin iska.
Dangane da bayanan baya-bayan nan daga Hukumar Makamashi ta Duniya (IEA), a cikin 2014, samar da wutar lantarki a duniya ya kai 1.437 TWh, wanda ke wakiltar kashi 14% na wutar lantarki a duniya. Kuma hasashen shi ne cewa nan da shekara ta 2050, waɗannan lambobin za su ninka sau biyu, fiye da 2.000 GW na ƙarfin da aka sanya.
Amma me yasa makamashin lantarki ke da mahimmanci haka? Baya ga samar da adadin kuzarin lantarki mai yawa, wannan nau'in fasaha kuma yana da fa'idodi masu mahimmanci da yawa, kamar dorewa, rage hayaki mai gurbata yanayi, da ƙarancin aiki da tsadar kulawa idan aka kwatanta da sauran hanyoyin samar da makamashi. Duk da haka, manyan kasashe masu tasowa da masu tasowa na ci gaba da saka hannun jari a wannan fasaha.
Amfanin wutar lantarki
Hydropower yana da fa'idodi da yawa akan yawancin hanyoyin ƙarfin lantarki, gami da babban matakin aminci, tabbatar da fasaha da babban inganci, da mafi ƙarancin aiki da farashin kulawa.
A ƙasa, mun taƙaita wasu fitattun fa'idodinsa:
- Dorewa: Ta hanyar cin gajiyar yanayin yanayin ruwa, yana haifar da kusan babu hayaki mai gurbata yanayi.
- Fassara: Tashar wutar lantarki, musamman ma'ajiyar wutar lantarki, na iya mayar da martani da sauri ga sauye-sauyen bukatar wutar lantarki.
- Ƙananan farashin aiki: Duk da babban saka hannun jari na farko, aiki da farashin kulawa suna da ƙasa sosai a cikin dogon lokaci.
- Dogon rayuwa mai amfani: Yawancin wuraren samar da wutar lantarki na iya aiki da kyau fiye da shekaru 50.
Babban tsire-tsire masu amfani da wutar lantarki a duniya
Manyan kasashe masu karfin tattalin arziki na duniya, irinsu China, Amurka, Brazil da Rasha, sun aiwatar da ayyukan samar da wutar lantarki masu ban sha'awa wadanda suka yi fice wajen iya aiki da sarkakiya. Wadannan ababen more rayuwa ba wai kawai sun canza samar da makamashi ba, har ma sun yi tasiri mai yawa na tattalin arziki da zamantakewa a yankunansu.
Tashar wutar lantarki ta Gorge Uku
La Tashar wutar lantarki ta Gorge Uku, a kasar Sin, yana kan kogin Yangtze kuma, yana da karfin da ya kai megawatt 22.500, ita ce tashar samar da wutar lantarki mafi girma a duniya. An fara gininsa ne a shekara ta 1993, kuma an kammala shi a shekarar 2012 kan kudi kusan Yuro miliyan 18.000.
Dam din yana da Tsayin mita 181 kuma tsawon fiye da kilomita biyu. Gabaɗaya, injin ɗin yana da injin turbines 34 (32 na 700 MW da 2 na 50 MW) waɗanda ke samar da adadi mai ban sha'awa na 98,8 TWh kowace shekara. Wannan shuka tana da mahimmanci, ba wai kawai don samar da makamashi na kasar Sin ba, har ma don shawo kan ambaliyar ruwa da inganta jigilar kogi a kogin Yangtze.
Itaipu Hydroelectric Power Plant
La Itaipu hydroelectric shuka Ita ce ta biyu mafi girma a duniya, tana da karfin da aka girka na megawatt 14.000. Ana samun wannan shuka a cikin kogin Paraná, a kan iyakar Brazil da Paraguay. An fara gininsa a cikin 1975 kuma ya ƙare a 1982, tare da jimlar jarin Yuro miliyan 15.000.
Kamfanin Itaipu na samar da kashi 17,3% na wutar lantarkin Brazil da kashi 72,5% na makamashin Paraguay. A kowace shekara, yana samar da kusan 98,5 TWh, yana sanya shi daidai da shukar Gorge Uku dangane da samarwa.
Xiluodu tashar wutar lantarki
Located in China, da Tashar wutar lantarki ta Xiluodu Ita ce ta uku mafi girma a duniya. Tana kan kogin Jinsha, wani mashigar ruwan Yangtze, kuma tana da karfin da ya kai megawatt 13.860. An fara gininsa a shekara ta 2005 kuma ya ƙare a shekara ta 2014, kan kudi Yuro biliyan 5.500.
Wannan shuka tana samar da wutar lantarki kusan 64 TWh a kowace shekara, kuma kamar sauran manyan madatsun ruwa na kasar Sin, tana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen rage fitar da hayaki mai gurbata muhalli ta hanyar rage amfani da makamashin burbushin halittu.
Guri Hydroelectric Power Station
El Guri hydroelectric hadaddun, wanda ke cikin Venezuela kuma aka sani da kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na Simón Bolívar, yana ɗaya daga cikin mahimman abubuwan more rayuwa a Latin Amurka. Tare da karfin da aka girka na megawatt 10.235, wannan masana'anta tana samar da wani babban bangare na bukatun makamashin kasar tare da samar da wutar lantarki ga Brazil.
Gininsa ya dau fiye da shekaru ashirin, an kammala shi a 1986. Tare da injin turbines 20 da ke aiki, Guri yana samar da makamashi mai tsafta fiye da 47 TWh kowace shekara, yana ba da gudummawa sosai ga tattalin arzikin yankin.
Tucuruí Hydroelectric Power Plant
A Brazil, da Tucuruí hydroelectric shuka Yana a matsayi na biyar a cikin ƙarfin da aka sanya, tare da 8.370MW. An fara shi a cikin 1975 kuma an kammala shi a cikin 2010, Tucuruí ba wai kawai yana da mahimmanci ga makamashi ba, har ma da ci gaban tattalin arzikin Brazil, saboda yana sauƙaƙe kewaya kogin Tocantins kuma yana ba da damar amfani da shi don ban ruwa da amfani.
Aikin, gaba ɗaya, ya buƙaci zuba jari na Yuro miliyan 4.000, kuma kashi na biyu, wanda aka kammala a cikin 2010, ya kara da 11 ƙarin sassan tsarawa, wanda ya ba da damar Tucuruí ya samar da fiye da 41,43 TWh a kowace shekara.
Makomar makamashin lantarki a duniya
Yiwuwar ci gaban wutar lantarki na ruwa yana da yawa, musamman a Afirka, Asiya da Latin Amurka. Kasashe irinsu Habasha suna raya ayyuka kamar madatsar ruwa ta Habasha mai karfin samar da megawatt 6.350, yayin da kasar Sin ke ci gaba da gudanar da ayyuka irin su Baihetan, wanda zai samar da karin megawatt 16.000 na makamashi mai tsafta.
Har ila yau, haɓakar makamashi mai amfani da wutar lantarki yana samun goyon bayan sababbin fasahar ajiyar kayan aiki, wanda ke ba da damar yin amfani da kayan aiki iri ɗaya don adanawa da samar da makamashi a lokutan da ake bukata, yana taimakawa wajen daidaita makamashi na lokaci-lokaci daga wasu hanyoyin da ake sabuntawa kamar hasken rana ko iska.
A yau, jimillar karfin da aka girka na tashoshin samar da wutar lantarki ya zarce GW 2.000, kuma ana sa ran bukatar samar da wutar lantarki za ta ci gaba da karuwa daidai da kokarin rage iskar carbon da ake samu a duniya, da karuwar samar da wutar lantarki a duniya.
Tare da fa'idodinsa a matsayin tushe mai tsabta, sassauƙa kuma abin dogaro, wutar lantarki za ta ci gaba da zama wani muhimmin ɓangare na makamashin duniya gaba, yana taimakawa wajen rage sauyin yanayi da samar da makamashi mai dorewa don ci gaba shekaru da yawa masu zuwa.