Ka yi tunanin motar da ba ta fitar da hayaki ko gurɓataccen iskar gas yayin motsi kuma maimakon amfani da man fetur ko dizal, tana amfani da hydrogen a matsayin mai. Godiya ga hydrogen man fetur cell a cikin mota, wannan ba ra'ayi na gaba ba ne, amma gaskiyar da ke akwai. Mutane da yawa suna mamakin yadda wannan fasaha ke aiki da menene fa'idodinta, tunda an sanya ta a matsayin madadin yanayin muhalli ga burbushin mai.
A cikin wannan labarin, za mu bincika sosai menene kwayar mai ta hydrogen a cikin motoci, yadda yake aiki, fa'idodi, rashin amfani da sauran mahimman fannoni waɗanda yakamata ku sani.
Menene kwayar mai ta hydrogen a cikin motoci?
A hakikanin gaskiya, a kwayar hydrogen Na'ura ce da ke canza makamashin sinadarai na hydrogen zuwa makamashin lantarki. Ta hanyar tsarin sinadarai na lantarki, ana haɗe hydrogen tare da iskar oxygen daga iska don samar da wutar lantarki, ruwa da zafi a matsayin abubuwan da aka samu. Ana amfani da wannan wutar lantarki ne wajen kunna wutar lantarkin da ke tafiyar da ƙafafun motar, wanda hakan zai haifar da abin hawa, tunda ba ya haifar da gurɓataccen iska.
Na'urar ta ƙunshi kwayoyin halitta guda daya, kowanne da na'urorin lantarki guda biyu: anode da cathode, rabuwa da kayan lantarki. Ana shigar da hydrogen a cikin anode, ya rushe zuwa protons da electrons, kuma na biyu yana samar da wutar lantarki ta hanyar wucewa ta waje. A halin yanzu, a cathode, protons, electrons da oxygen sun haɗu don samar da ruwa, tabbatar da cewa samfurin kawai shine tururin ruwa. Wannan tsari ya sa tantanin man fetur na hydrogen ya zama zaɓi mai ban sha'awa don ɗorewar motsi.
Yadda motar hydrogen ke aiki
Motar hydrogen, duk da cewa motar lantarki ce, tana aiki daban da na motocin lantarki na gargajiya. Babban bambanci shine cewa a cikin motocin hydrogen man fetur, Ana samar da wutar lantarki a cikin motar, maimakon dogaro da batura waɗanda a baya suke adana makamashin.
Tsarin yana farawa da hydrogen da aka adana a babban matsa lamba a cikin tankuna na musamman, wanda aka aika zuwa ƙwayoyin mai. A cikin waɗannan ƙwayoyin, hydrogen yana haɗuwa da oxygen don samar da wutar lantarki. Abubuwan da ke haifar da wannan motsi shine ruwa, wanda ke nufin cewa motar tana da bututun shaye-shaye, amma tana fitar da tururin ruwa kawai. Ana rarraba wutar lantarki tsakanin baturi da injin lantarkin motar. A wasu lokuta, kuma ana samun wutar lantarki daga birki mai gyarawa, wanda ke sake cajin baturi yayin da motar ke tuƙi.
Wannan fasaha tana da inganci sosai, tunda sabobin tuba mafi girma adadin kuzari a cikin aiki mai amfani idan aka kwatanta da injunan konewa na ciki, yin motocin hydrogen su zama mafi kore kuma mafi inganci zaɓi.
Amfanin motocin hydrogen
da motocin hydrogen Suna gabatar da jerin fa'idodi waɗanda ke sanya su azaman zaɓi mai ban sha'awa don makomar motsi:
- Fitowar gurbataccen iska: Ta hanyar rashin samar da carbon dioxide ko wasu nau'ikan iskar gas mai cutarwa, zaɓi ne mai kyau don rage ƙazanta a birane da ba da gudummawa ga yaƙi da sauyin yanayi.
- Babban 'yancin kai: Motocin hydrogen na iya yin tafiya mai nisa har zuwa kilomita 600 akan tanki guda, inda suka zarce motocin lantarki na gargajiya a lokuta da dama.
- Saurin caji: Mai da mai da hydrogen yana ɗaukar tsakanin mintuna 3 zuwa 5, irin wannan lokacin da na motar konewa, wanda ke rage damuwa game da caji idan aka kwatanta da motocin lantarki.
- Mai sauƙin kulawa: Injin motocin hydrogen suna buƙatar ƙarancin kulawa fiye da injunan konewa na ciki, saboda ƙarancin sassa masu motsi da rashin isassun mai.
- Kyakkyawan aiki a cikin matsanancin yanayi: Ba kamar motocin lantarki ba, waɗanda za su iya ganin aikinsu ya ragu a cikin yanayin sanyi, motocin hydrogen suna da ƙarin kwanciyar hankali a cikin matsanancin yanayin zafi.
Hasara da matsaloli
Duk da haka, duk da fa'idarsa, fasahar ƙwayar man fetur ta hydrogen tana fuskantar ƙalubale da yawa waɗanda dole ne a shawo kan wannan fasaha ta hanyar amfani da sikelin mai girma:
- Babban kudin hydrogen: Ko da yake shi ne mafi yawan sinadari a sararin samaniya, hydrogen ba ya samuwa a cikin tsaftataccen tsari a duniya. Samun shi tsari ne mai tsada da kuzari. Hanyar da ta fi dacewa ita ce electrolysis, wanda ke buƙatar makamashi mai yawa, yana sa samar da shi ya fi tsada.
- Iyakance kayayyakin more rayuwa: A ƙasashe da yawa, ababen more rayuwa ta tashar hydrogen suna da iyaka. Misali, a cikin Spain, akwai kaɗan ne kawai (a cikin biranen kamar Huesca, Seville, Zaragoza da Madrid), waɗanda ke wakiltar babban cikas ga ɗaukar jama'a.
- Rukunin ajiya: Hydrogen iskar gas ne mai tsananin haske kuma mai saurin canzawa, wanda ke sanya ajiyarsa cikin wahala. Yana buƙatar tankuna na musamman waɗanda ke ƙara nauyin abin hawa da rikitarwa na tsarin.
- Yawan tsadar ababen hawa: Motocin hydrogen suna da tsada a halin yanzu, kodayake ana sa ran farashin zai ragu yayin da fasahar ke tasowa da haɓakar tattalin arzikin sikelin.
Makomar motocin hydrogen
Yayin da fasahar mota ta hydrogen ke ci gaba da bunkasa, ana sa ran za ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a nan gaba na motsi mai dorewa. Tare da haɓaka damuwa game da hayaƙin CO2 da ƙaƙƙarfan ƙa'idodi, masana'antun suna ƙara saka hannun jari a wannan fasaha.
Bugu da kari, ana samun gagarumin ci gaba wajen inganta ingancin kwayoyin man fetur da rage farashin samar da sinadarin hydrogen, wanda da alama zai ba da gudummawa wajen karbe shi a cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa. Tare da haɓaka kayan aikin mai da ci gaban fasaha, hydrogen zai iya zama ɗaya daga cikin mahimman abubuwan don cimma burin motsi na sifiri a duniya.
Akwai kamfanoni da yawa da ke yin fare akan wannan fasaha, kamar Toyota, Hyundai da Honda, tare da samfura irin su Mirai da Nexo, da kuma BMW, waɗanda ke ci gaba da haɓakawa a wannan yanki. Waɗannan nau'ikan sun riga sun aiwatar da haɓakawa ga tsarin ƙwayoyin man fetur ɗin su na hydrogen, kamar mafi girman kewayon da ƙananan farashin samarwa, wanda zai iya sa waɗannan motocin su sami isa ga jama'a nan gaba kaɗan. Ko da yake ababen more rayuwa na hydrogen suna da iyaka, ana sa ran zai fadada sosai a cikin shekaru masu zuwa.
A daya hannun kuma, Tarayyar Turai ta tsara kyawawan manufofi na samar da koren hydrogen, wanda aka samu daga sabbin kuzari. Wannan zai iya taimakawa wajen rage farashin wannan man fetur da kuma sauƙaƙe amfani da shi a cikin motocin hydrogen, da samun nasarar rage yawan hayaki da 'yancin kai daga mai. Idan wannan fasaha ta ci gaba da haɓakawa, motocin hydrogen za su iya haɗawa da ma wuce motocin lantarki ta wasu fannoni, kamar cin gashin kansu da saurin mai.