Gurbacewar iska tana haifar da mummunar haɗari ga lafiyar jama'a kuma an amince da ita a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan matsalolin muhalli a duniya. A cikin yanayin Turai, da Tarayyar Turai ya gargadi Spain da wasu kasashe takwas da ke cikin kungiyar cewa dole ne su rage yawan gurbatar yanayi ko kuma su fuskanci sakamakon shari'a. Lamarin na da matukar muhimmanci, saboda gurbacewar iska na haifar da mutuwar mutane sama da 400.000 a duk shekara a fadin Tarayyar Turai.
Spain, tare da Jamus, Jamhuriyar Czech, Faransa, Italiya, Hungary, Romania, Slovakia da Ingila, ya ci gaba da wuce ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙazantattun ƙazantattun ƙazanta, musamman ma game da ƙananan barbashi PM10 da nitrogen dioxide (NO2). Ganin wannan gaskiyar, kungiyar EU ta bukaci wadannan kasashe da su aiwatar da matakan gaggawa masu inganci don dakile wannan lamari.
Menene halin yanzu a Spain?
Halin iska a Spain ya inganta a hankali a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, amma har yanzu yana da nisa daga bin sabon ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙazanta da Tarayyar Turai ta tsara don shekara ta 2030. Gaskiyar ita ce, ko da yake an aiwatar da wasu matakan gyara, amma ba su yi nasara ba. sun kasance masu ƙarfi don cika ka'idoji na dogon lokaci.
Ɗaya daga cikin manyan gurɓatattun abubuwan da ke shafar biranen Spain shine nitrogen dioxide (NO2), wanda aka fi samu ta hanyar zirga-zirgar ababen hawa, musamman motocin dizal. Kodayake matakan NO2 sun ragu a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, halin da ake ciki yana da damuwa, musamman a manyan birane kamar Madrid da Barcelona.
Ayyukan EU: matsin lamba na shari'a ko mafita na gaske?
Matsin lamba daga EU ba sabon abu bane. Sama da shekaru goma, kungiyar Tarayyar Turai ta kafa doka mai tsauri kan ingancin iska, tare da sanya takaitaccen iyaka kan hayaki. Kasashen da suka kasa bin wadannan iyakokin na iya fuskantar takunkumin tattalin arziki ta hanyar shari'a.
Kwamishinan Muhalli na Turai ya sami shawarwari daban-daban don ingantawa, amma babu ɗayansu da ke da ƙarfin da ake buƙata don cimma manufofin ingancin iska. A saboda wannan dalili, kungiyar ta Turai ta yi gargadin cewa ba za a ba da sabon wa'adin da zai dace da ka'idoji na yanzu ba. Wannan sakon yana jaddada bukatar daukar mataki nan take.
Ka'idojin hana gurbatar yanayi a Spain
A cikin wannan tsarin na matsin lamba ne a cikin 'yan shekarun nan da yawa spanish birane Sun aiwatar da ka'idojin hana gurbatar yanayi. Madrid, Barcelona, Valencia, da Seville, a tsakanin sauran biranen, sun jagoranci ɗaukar nauyin Wuraren Ƙarƙashin fitarwa (ZBE), yankunan da ke iyakance ga motocin da suka dace da wasu ka'idojin hayaki.
- Central Madrid. Daya daga cikin fitattun himma. Yanzu da aka sani da Gundumar Tsakiya, wannan yanki yana iyakance zirga-zirgar ababen hawa, yana ƙarfafa mafi ɗorewa hanyoyin sufuri da motsin tafiya.
- Barcelona Tun daga shekarar 2016, Barcelona ma tana da nata ZBE, wanda ya haramta shigar da motoci masu gurbata muhalli a wurare daban-daban na cibiyar.
- Valencia. Ko da yake an fara aiwatar da shi ne don yaƙar ƙurar Sahara, wannan birni kuma ya ɗauki ZBE a cikin 2022 don magance gurɓatar birane.
- Sevilla Babban birnin Andalus ya dauki irin wannan matakan don gujewa kamuwa da gurbatar yanayi, musamman a lokacin da ake yawan samun gurbacewar yanayi.
Wadannan matakan sun yi tasiri sosai, amma tasirin su na dogon lokaci ya rage a gani. The LEZ Suna da mahimmanci don haɓaka ingancin iska a wuraren da jama'a ke da yawa, amma aiwatar da su dole ne ya kasance tare da ƙarin yunƙuri waɗanda suka haɗa da haɓaka jigilar jama'a da sabunta makamashi.
Shirin Kula da Gurbacewar iska (PNCCA)
Dangane da matsalar ingancin iska, gwamnatin Spain ta samar da wani Tsarin Kasa don saduwa da wajibcin manufofin EU Directive 2016/2284. Ana aiwatar da wannan shirin a matakai biyu, 2019-2023 da 2023-2030, kuma ya shafi matakan gajere da matsakaici.
Ɗaya daga cikin manyan manufofi na PNCCA shine rage yawan abubuwan PM2.5 da PM10, da kuma raguwa. mahadi masu canzawa ba methane ba (NMVOCs), mai matukar illa ga lafiyar dan adam. Nan da 2030, ana sa ran raguwar 95% na hayakin sulfur dioxide (SO2), 82% na nitrogen oxides (NOx), da 58% na PM2,5.
El Farashin PNCCA Har ila yau, ya ƙunshi matakan inganta harkokin sufuri da masana'antu, muhimman sassa a cikin iska. Musamman ma, tana neman haɓaka amfani da makamashi mai sabuntawa, motsin wutar lantarki, da karɓar madadin mai a cikin birane da masana'antu.
Barazanar sauyin yanayi
El canjin yanayi yana kara ta'azzara matakan gurbacewar iska a Spain, musamman dangane da hakan ozone na tropospheric (O3). Irin wannan gurbatar yanayi wata babbar matsala ce a lokacin bazara, lokacin da yanayin zafi ya zama mai kara kuzari wajen samuwar ozone.
Masana ilimin muhalli a Aiki kiyasin cewa, a cikin 2022, kashi 99% na al'ummar Spain an fallasa su ga matakan rashin lafiya na ozone. Wannan gurɓataccen abu, wanda ba shi da tushe kai tsaye, yana samuwa ne daga haɗuwa da wasu iskar gas kamar su nitrogen oxides da ma'auni na halitta masu canzawa a gaban hasken rana.
Ayyuka a matakin mutum: Me za mu iya yi?
Ba gwamnatoci kadai ke da alhakin rage gurbatar iska ba. A matsayinmu na daidaikun mutane, akwai ayyuka da yawa da za mu iya ɗauka don taimakawa inganta ingancin iskar da muke shaka:
- Yi amfani da jigilar jama'a ko keke. Rage amfani da mota yana daya daga cikin mafi inganci hanyoyin da za a rage fitar da iskar oxygen dioxide a birane.
- Karancin amfani da makamashi. Ɗauki nauyin halayen amfani, kamar cire haɗin kayan aiki lokacin da ba ma buƙatar su, yana ba da gudummawa ga rage buƙatar makamashi, don haka, rage kona man fetur.
- Masu tsabtace iska. A cikin gida, yin amfani da tsarin tacewa da tsaftacewa zai iya taimakawa wajen rage mummunan tasirin gurɓataccen gurɓataccen iska a cikin gidajenmu.
- Dasa itace. Bishiyoyi da wuraren kore suna da mahimmanci don ɗaukar CO2 da samar da iskar oxygen. Shiga cikin shirye-shiryen sake dazuzzuka ko kuma kawai kula da tsire-tsire a cikin muhallinmu na iya kawo canji.
Gaskiya ne cewa gurɓatacciyar iska tana ci gaba da kasancewa ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙalubalen muhalli da kiwon lafiya na zamaninmu. Koyaya, tare da ƙoƙarin haɗin gwiwa tsakanin gwamnatoci, kamfanoni da ƴan ƙasa, yana yiwuwa a rage tasirin da kuma matsawa zuwa gaba mai dorewa da lafiya.