Kamar dai yadda ɗan adam ke neman tushen makamashi waɗanda za'a iya sabunta su don zama madadin su burbushin mai, An haifi halittun mai. Daya daga cikinsu shine biomethane. Biomethane ya taso ne daga biogas, wanda aka samo shi ta hanyar godiya ga nau'ikan kayan maye. Koyaya, don amfani da wannan gas ɗin, dole ne a tsarkake shi. Wannan shine yadda ake haifar biomethane.
A ƙasa, muna gaya muku komai game da wannan biofuel mai sabuntawa da yuwuwarta na rage hayaki da ba da gudummawa ga canjin makamashi.
Menene biomethane kuma yaya ake samar dashi
Biomethane wani nau'in iskar gas ne sabuntawa wanda aka samo shi daga tsarkakewar iskar gas, wanda ke haifar da lalacewa na kwayoyin halitta a cikin rashin iskar oxygen. Wannan iskar gas madadin man fetur ne kuma yana da yuwuwar rage yawan hayaki mai gurbata yanayi.
El biogas, a matsayin tushen farko, ana samar da shi daga nau'o'in halittu daban-daban, kamar sharar gona (taki, kama amfanin gona, bambaro), sharar masana'antu da na gida, da kuma najasa. Baya ga waɗannan, ana haɓaka sabbin fasahohin da suka haɗa da amfani da su kore hydrogen a cikin tsarin Power-to-Gas, wanda ke ƙara yawan adadin methane da aka samar.
Ana samar da iskar gas ta hanyar narkewar anaerobic na waɗannan kayan, a cikin wani tsari inda iskar oxygen ba ta shiga tsakani. Kwayoyin da ke da alhakin lalacewa suna haifar da cakuda gas wanda ya ƙunshi kusan 50-75% methane (CH4), tare da carbon dioxide (CO2) da ƙananan alamun ruwa, nitrogen, oxygen da hydrogen sulfide.
Don canza iskar gas zuwa biomethane, ya zama dole a cire yawancin CO2 da gurɓataccen iska ta hanyoyin tsarkakewa. Wannan ya tabbatar da cewa sakamakon gas, tare da tsafta kusa da 96% methane, ya dace da amfani. Wannan tsarin haɓakawa yana ba da damar biomethane don saduwa da ingancin iskar gas kuma yana iya maye gurbinsa gaba ɗaya don amfanin masana'antu, gida da wayar hannu.
Yana amfani da dorewa
Biomethane iskar gas iri-iri ne tare da aikace-aikace da yawa. Godiya ga abubuwan da ke tattare da shi mai kama da iskar gas, ana iya amfani da shi a cikin abubuwan more rayuwa da suka riga sun wanzu don iskar gas, yana mai da shi ingantaccen bayani don canjin makamashi.
Daga cikin Babban amfani da biomethane, yana haskaka aikace-aikacen sa don:
- Allurar cikin hanyoyin sadarwar iskar gas, ana amfani da su don dumama, samar da wutar lantarki ko amfani da masana'antu.
- El sufuri, azaman mai a cikin motocin da aka matsa (bioCNG) ko gas mai ruwa (bioLNG). Wannan amfani yana da fa'ida musamman, saboda yana rage CO2 da yawa da gurɓataccen iska idan aka kwatanta da mai.
La biomethane dorewa ya ta'allaka ne a cikin gaskiyar cewa samarwa da amfani da shi yana ba da ma'auni mafi dacewa da iskar gas fiye da na al'ada. A lokacin tsararta, ana nisantar hayaki mai yawa, tunda sharar da ake amfani da ita azaman ɗanyen abu baya sakin methane mara ƙarfi a cikin sararin samaniya. Bugu da kari, narkewa, wanda ke haifar da narkewar anaerobic, ana iya amfani da shi azaman takin gargajiya, wanda ke ba da damar rufe tsarin sinadirai da guje wa amfani da takin zamani.
Yin amfani da narkewa zai iya taimakawa ragewa har zuwa 13 kilogiram na CO2 kowace ton na hada taki. Wannan ba kawai yana amfanar muhalli ba, har ma da masu samar da noma waɗanda za su iya rage farashin da ke tattare da hadi, yana ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban tattalin arzikin madauwari.
Fa'idodin amfani dashi
Biomethane yana bayarwa m da muhalli amfanin wanda ke gabatar da shi a matsayin zaɓi mai dacewa a cikin yaƙi da sauyin yanayi:
- Rage fitarwa: Ta hanyar maye gurbin burbushin mai, biomethane yana taimakawa sosai wajen rage hayakin carbon dioxide da sauran iskar gas.
- Ingantacciyar ingancin iska: Ƙananan NOx da fitar da barbashi idan aka kwatanta da burbushin mai, inganta lafiyar jama'a a cikin birane.
- 'Yancin makamashi: Da wannan man fetur, kasashe za su iya rage dogaro da iskar gas da ake shigo da su, da samar da makamashi a cikin gida daga sharar gida.
Bugu da kari, biomethane na iya samar da ayyukan yi, musamman a yankunan karkara. Ginawa da aiki da tsire-tsire na biomethane na buƙatar aiki, wanda ke taimakawa ƙarfafa tattalin arziƙin gida da haɓaka dorewa a yankunan noma.
Yaya ake samar da biomethane a Turai
A halin yanzu, yawancin ƙasashen Turai suna yin caca akan biomethane a matsayin wani ɓangare na canjin makamashinsu. Jimlar Kasashe 15 na Tarayyar Turai suna samarwa da kuma amfani da biomethane sosai.
Ɗaya daga cikin manyan aikace-aikace a Turai shine samar da zafi da wutar lantarki ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa (CHP), amma amfani da shi a matsayin man sufuri yana girma cikin sauri. A Sweden, alal misali, biomethane ya riga ya zarce iskar gas a kasuwannin man fetur, kuma Jamus ta sami ci gaba sosai a cikin 'yan shekarun nan.
Zuwa shekarar 2020, an kiyasta cewa samar da iskar gas a Turai zai wuce 14 biliyan cubic mita, daidai da ƙarar iskar gas na al'ada. Wannan karuwar da ake samu ba ta yi wani mummunan tasiri ga aikin noma da aka kebe don samar da abinci ba, tun da yin amfani da kayan abinci mai narkewa ya sa a iya sake sarrafa kayan abinci yadda ya kamata da kuma inganta jujjuyawar amfanin gona.
Yunkurin da ake yi na biomethane a Turai yana samun goyan bayan manufofi kamar shirin REPowerEU, wanda ya kafa babban buri na samarwa. 35.000 miliyan cubic meters na biomethane a kowace shekara nan da shekarar 2030. Wannan na nuni da yunƙurin da Turai ke da shi na samar da tsaro na makamashi da rage sauyin yanayi.
Biomethane ya zama babban zaɓi don rage dogaro da iskar gas na waje, inganta ingancin iska da kuma ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban tattalin arzikin yankunan karkara. Manufofin Turai sun mayar da hankali kan fadada iskar gas da ake sabunta su, tare da ci gaban inganta fasahar kere-kere, sun nuna cewa, wannan makamashin mai zai taka muhimmiyar rawa a makomar makamashin nahiyar.