Argentina Tana daya daga cikin manyan kasashe kuma ta yi fice wajen ci gabanta a fannin noma. Duk da haka, kamar yadda yake faruwa a ƙasashe da yawa masu faɗin karkara, yankuna da yawa ba su da nisa daga biranen birni kuma saboda haka suna fuskantar matsaloli ta hanyar samun ayyukan yau da kullun kamar su. haske, wutar lantarki, gas da ruwan sha.
Idan aka fuskanci wannan yanayin, an fara amfani da wata babbar fasaha a 'yan shekarun da suka gabata: kayan kwalliya. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, amfani da su ya karu sosai a yankunan karkara, musamman saboda sauƙin aiwatarwa da kuma fa'idodin tattalin arziki da muhalli da suke bayarwa. Masu sarrafa kwayoyin halitta sun zama wani muhimmin sashi na sarrafa sharar gida a gonakin kiwo, gonaki da sauran masana'antar noma a Argentina.
Menene Biodigester?
Biodigester na'ura ce da ke kula da sharar dabba ko asalin shuka don samar da samfura masu mahimmanci guda biyu: biogas da kuma biofertilizer. Ta hanyar adana sharar gida kamar taki ko ragowar shuka a cikin mahallin biodigester, ƙarƙashin rufaffiyar yanayi mara isashshen iskar oxygen (tsarin narkewar anaerobic), ƙwayoyin cuta suna lalata kwayoyin halitta, suna samar da gas da taki mai wadatar abinci.
Gas din da ake samarwa shine cakudar iskar gas, musamman methane (CH4) da carbon dioxide (CO2), wadanda ake iya amfani da su ta hanyoyi daban-daban: wajen dafa abinci, da dumama ruwa, da samar da wutar lantarki ta hanyar amfani da injinan gas. Wannan gas yana kama da iskar gas kuma ana iya adana shi ko amfani da shi nan da nan.
Ragowar ruwa mai ƙarfi ko ruwa wanda ya rage bayan tsarin narkewa shine abin da ake kira biofertilizer. Wannan magudanar ruwa ne mai arzikin nitrogen, phosphorus da potassium, wanda ya sa ya zama kyakkyawan taki ga kasa noma, yana kara yawan amfanin gona ta dabi'a.
Amfanin Biodigesters a Ƙauyen Argentina
A Argentina, masu sarrafa halittu ba wai kawai suna magance matsalolin sarrafa sharar gida ba a yankunan karkara, har ma suna ba da jerin fa'idodi masu mahimmanci waɗanda ke bayyana haɓakar shahararsu. Ga wasu fitattun fa'idodi:
- Samar da biogas don amfani da yawa: Yin amfani da sharar gida na asalin dabbobi da tsirrai, masu sarrafa kwayoyin halitta suna samar da iskar gas, wanda za'a iya amfani dashi don dafa abinci, dumama gidaje har ma da ƙananan wutar lantarki.
- Dorewar muhalli: Ta hanyar rage yawan dattin da ke ƙarewa a cikin wuraren da ake zubar da ƙasa ko kuma wuraren da ake zubar da ƙasa, za ku rage fitar da iskar gas kamar methane, wanda ke da tasiri sau 25 akan dumamar yanayi idan aka kwatanta da CO2.
- Taki na halitta: Abubuwan da ke haifar da biodigester wani takin zamani ne da za a iya mayar da shi gona don wadatar da ƙasan noma, tare da guje wa amfani da takin mai magani.
- 'Yancin makamashi: A yankunan karkara inda damar samun wutar lantarki ke da iyaka ko babu, masu sarrafa kwayoyin halitta suna ba da ingantaccen tushen makamashi mai sabuntawa.
An san waɗannan fa'idodin a sauran sassan duniya. A kasashe irin su Jamus da Brazil, ana samun bunkasuwa sosai a yankunan karkara amfani da sinadarin biodigester, inda ake samar da wutar lantarki, da iskar gas da kuma takin mai rahusa wanda ke taimakawa wajen inganta gasa a fannin noma.
Aiwatar da Biodigesters a Argentina
A Argentina, ana ƙara yin amfani da kwayoyin halitta a cikin gonakin kiwo, gonakin alade da sauran ayyukan noma. An yi kiyasin cewa akwai fiye da tsarin irin wannan nau'in 50 a cikin kasar da aka rarraba a larduna daban-daban. Koyaya, wannan adadi yana ci gaba da ƙaruwa yayin da masu kera ke sane da fa'idodin tattalin arziki da muhalli da suke bayarwa.
Kudin shigarwa na biodigester ya bambanta dangane da girman da iya aiki, amma gabaɗaya, ƙimar fa'ida mai tsada yana da kyau sosai, tunda yana biyan kansa a cikin ƴan shekaru saboda tanadi a cikin abubuwan makamashi da takin mai magani.
Labaran Nasara a Argentina
A garuruwan karkara kamar Los Pinos, wani karamin gari da ke da mutane kusan 300, an aiwatar da aikin samar da iskar gas wanda ke canza sharar noma zuwa makamashi da takin zamani. Wannan hadin gwiwa tsakanin al’umma, INTA, CONICET da INTI ya bada damar amfani da iskar gas da aka samar don samar da wutar lantarki ga muhimman wurare kamar famfunan ruwa da hasken wutar lantarki.
Ana iya samun wani misali a ciki Monje Agricultural and Livestock Cooperative a cikin lardin Santa Fe. Gas din ya samar da injin da ke samar da wutar lantarki ga kamfanin mai da sauran kayan aikin hadin gwiwar. Wannan sinadarin biodigester ya kuma taimaka wajen rage hayakin methane sosai a yankin.
Ta yaya Biodigester ke aiki?
Mai biodigester yana aiki ta hanyar bazuwar anaerobic. Wannan yana nufin cewa kwayoyin halitta, irin su sharar dabbobi (taki) ko sharar shuka (sauran amfanin gona), kwayoyin cuta ne ke rubewa a cikin yanayin da ba shi da iskar oxygen. Wannan tsari yana haifar da iskar gas kuma ya bar ruwa da taki mai ƙarfi a matsayin sharar gida.
Shigar da biodigester ya ƙunshi manyan abubuwa guda uku:
- dakin narkewa: Wannan shi ne tankin da aka rufe ta hanyar hermetically inda ake ajiye sharar kwayoyin halitta tare da ruwa don fara aikin lalata.
- Wurin ajiya na biogas: Yayin da kwayoyin cutar ke wargaza al’amarin, methane ya saki kuma a adana shi a cikin wani daki na sama don amfani da shi daga baya.
- Fitowar biofertiliser: Bayan an gama aikin narkar da abinci, ana fitar da takin mai magani daga na'urar da za a yi amfani da ita a gonakin noma.
Lokacin da ake buƙata don samar da gas a cikin biodigester na iya bambanta dangane da nau'in sharar da aka yi amfani da shi da yanayin zafin jiki, amma gabaɗaya yana ɗauka tsakanin kwanaki 15 zuwa 40.
Nau'in Biodigesters a Ƙauyen Argentina
Akwai nau'ikan biodigesters da yawa waɗanda suka dace da nau'ikan ayyukan noma daban-daban. Wasu daga cikin mafi yawan su ne:
- Ƙananan sikelin biodigesters: Waɗannan su ne manufa don gonakin iyali ko ƙananan rikodi. Ƙarfinsa na iya samar da isassun iskar gas don dafa abinci ko dumama.
- Matsakaici da manyan sikelin biodigesters: Ana amfani da su a gonakin dabbobi da manyan wuraren kiwon kiwo inda ake samar da sharar dabbobi. Ƙarfinsa yana ba shi damar samar da isasshen makamashi don samar da wutar lantarki mafi girma, kamar kayan lantarki da famfo.
A yankuna irin su lardin Buenos Aires, Entre Ríos da Santa Fe, gonakin aladu da yawa sun riga sun yi amfani da kwayoyin halitta a babban sikelin. Dangane da wuraren da ake yin kyankyasai masu uwa sama da 1000, kamar a Marcos Paz, makamashin da ake samu da iskar gas da ake samarwa ya isa ya ba da wutar lantarki baki daya.
Tasirin muhalli
Hakanan amfani da magungunan biodigester yana da tasiri mai mahimmanci akan muhalli. An dai nuna cewa wadannan tsare-tsare na rage fitar da hayaki mai gurbata muhalli sosai, musamman methane, wanda ake fitar da shi da yawa ta hanyar lalata datti idan an ajiye shi a wuraren budadden kasa ko tafki.
Bugu da ƙari kuma, ta hanyar magance sharar gida yadda ya kamata, suna ba da gudummawa wajen inganta iska da ruwa a yankunan karkara, da rage yaduwar kwari da kuma guje wa gurɓata ruwa da leach.
A ƙarshe, amfani da takin zamani na samar da ingantaccen tsarin noma, yana rage dogaro da takin sinadari da haɓaka ayyukan ƙasa mai dorewa.
Gabaɗaya, masu sarrafa halittu a Argentina suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haɓaka aikin noma mai ɗorewa tare da samar da mafita mai amfani ga yankunan karkara masu ƙarancin kuzari. Tare da goyon bayan da ya dace, duka ta fuskar kudade da manufofin jama'a, wannan fasaha na iya zama mabuɗin cimma manyan manufofin dorewa da dogaro da kai a fannin aikin gona na ƙasar.